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Topik 4 Kemahiran Asas Bola Jaring

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Topik 4 Kemahiran Asas Bola Jaring

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caving...

The challenges of the sport depend on the cave being visited, but often include the negotiation of pitches, squeezes, and water (though actual cave diving is a separate sub-specialty undertaken only by very few cavers). Climbing or crawling is often necessary, and ropes are used extensively for safety of the negotiation of particular steep or slippery passages.

Caving is often undertaken for the enjoyment of the activity or for physical exercise, as well as original exploration, similar to mountaineering or diving. Physical or biological science is also an important goal for some cavers. Virgin cave systems comprise some of the last unexplored regions on Earth and much effort is put into trying to locate and enter them. In well-explored regions (such as most first-world countries), the most accessible caves have already been explored, and gaining access to new caves often requires digging or diving.

Caves have been explored out of necessity (for shelter from the elements or from enemies), out of curiosity or for mystical reasons for thousands of years. However, only in the last century or two has the activity developed into a sophisticated, athletic pastime. In recent decades caving has changed considerably due to the availability of modern protective wear and equipment. It has recently come to be known as an "extreme sport" by some (though not commonly considered as such by its practitioners, who may dislike the term for its perceived connotation of disregard for safety).

Many of the skills of caving can also be used in the nature activities of mine exploration and urban exploration.

History

Caving was pioneered by Édouard-Alfred Martel who first achieved the descent and exploration of the Gouffre de Padirac, France as early as 1889 and the first complete descent of a 110 metre wet vertical shaft at Gaping Gill, in Yorkshire, England in 1895. He developed his own techniques based on ropes and metallic ladders. Édouard-Alfred Martel visited Kentucky and notably Mammoth Cave National Park in October 1912. Famous US caver Floyd Collins made in the 1920s important explorations in that area. In the 1930s, as caving became increasingly popular, small exploration teams both in the Alps and in the karstic high plateaus of southwest France (Causses and Pyrenees) transformed cave exploration in both a scientific and recreational activity. Robert de Joly, Guy de Lavaur andNorbert Casteret were prominent figures of that time. They surveyed mostly caves in Southwest France. During WWII, an alpine team composed of Pierre Chevalier, Fernand Petzl, Charles Petit-Didier and others explored the Dent de Crolles cave system near Grenoble, France which became the deepest explored cave in the world (-658m) at that time. The lack of available equipment during the war forced Pierre Chevalier and the rest of the team to develop their own equipment, leading to technical innovation. The scaling-pole (1940), nylon ropes (1942), use of explosives in caves (1947) and mechanical rope-ascenders (Henri Brenot's "monkeys", first used by Chevalier and Brenot in a cave in 1934) can be directly associated to the exploration of the Dent de Crolles cave system.

In 1941, American cavers organized themselves into the National Speleological Society (NSS) to advance the exploration, conservation, study, and understanding of caves in the United States. American caver Bill Cuddington, known as "Vertical Bill", developed the single rope technique (SRT) in the late 1950s. In 1958, two Swiss alpinists, Juesi and Marti teamed together, creating the first rope ascender known as the Jumar. In 1968 Bruno Dressler asked Petzl, who worked as a metals machinist, to build a rope-ascending tool, today known as the Petzl Croll, that he had developed by adapting the Jumarto the specificity of Pit caving. Pursuiving these developments, Fernand Petzl started in the 1970s a small caving equipment manufacturing company Petzl, which is today a world leader in equipment for both caving, mountaineering and at-height safety in civil engineering. The development of the rappel rack and the evolution of mechanical ascension systems, notably helped extend the practice and safety of pit exploration to a larger venue of established cavers.

tubing....

Tubing (also known as inner tubing or even tooobing) is a recreational activity of riding an inner tube, either on water, snow, or through the air. The tubes, themselves, are also known as "donuts" or "biscuits" due to their shape.

Water

Tubing on water generally consists of two forms: towed and free-floating, also known as river tubing.

Towed tubing usually takes place on a large body of water such as a lake or river. One or more tube riders (often called "tubers") tether their tubes to a powered watercraft such as a motor boat or a personal watercraft. The riders are then towed through the water by the watercraft.

In free-floating tubing, the tube riders are untethered and often conveyed by the current of a waterway. Texas and much of the southern U.S.A. have adopted the spelling of 'toobing' and 'toobers'. Tubers paddle with their hands and often used webbed gloves to steer. Tubes can be outfitted with tube covers or 'skins'. These covers are canvas, and cover the bottom of the tube, the sides, and have a skirt that covers the inner diameter, while leaving room for the tuber to sit. Covers can be altered with pockets, can holders and have handles for the tuber to hold on to. It is strongly discouraged to tie anything to the tube or use ropes of anykind as a tuber can get bound or wrapped in them and potentially drown. As in all watersports tubers should wear appropriate safety gear such as life vests,protective water shoes such as Keens, and helmets. Whitewater tubing can be fun and exhilarating, the size of the tube allows a tuber to ride the river in an unencumbered manner not found in rafting or kayaking. Tubers can employ the use of such items as dry boxes and mesh bags to carry small personal items and pack out trash, cans and bottles from their trip.

Popular riverside tube rentals normally warn against glass due to riverside dangers. Some law enforcement offices have prohibited kegs which were popularly chilled in metal tubs harnessed within larger tubes.

Major water parks often have specially designed courses for tubing. These may consist of a circular, artificial river on which riders are conveyed or a linear course such as a water slide.

share experience...

SURVIVAL TIME AT EXPOSE DE SCENE
-perjalanan pergi....
aktiviti survival nie adelah 2nd actvty yg group ktorg wt lpas navigation..ktorg pkul 12 tghari...sgt panas...mse nie la aku terpkir kt padang mahsyar nt lg terok...hurm...tp second day kn..still bertenage....hehehe...pjlnan amek mse dlm 2 jam aku rase...xpasan la..agak2 jer...tp mmg lame la..dah la jam xde..tgah jln 2 tuhan jer la yg taw betape pnsnyer.....tgh2 jln 2 ktorg kene rendam...tp cpat jer kering sbb pnas sgt...
-dah smpai...
ktorg adalh antare group yg terawal smpai kt utan 2....pjlanan nk masok dlm utan 2 sgt la berliku...tapak kemah ktorg dkat ngn sumber air...so,,xjd masalah sgt utk masak n buang air...hehehe....tp.....ktorg terkejot sgt2 sbb tapak kemah ktorg teruk sgt...so,,ktorg tebang n tebang n tebang n modified smpai la jd rate....dah la sarang semut kt c2....sabar jer la...ktorg dbekalkn dgn 1 flysheet...beras 1 beg plastik kecik..kentang 2 biji..bskut bpe keping ntah..tepung,garam n serbuk teh cket...ha 2 jer...
-menjelang petang...
alhamdulillah...kemah pon da ciap...ktorg rehat n tdo berbumbungkn flysheet n beralaskn buluh....group aku sgt la berkejasame...group 2 taw...syg korg semue...hehe..aku incharge bhagian msak...n smue hdangan da ciap n ktorg tggu mase jer nk mkn..nasi berlaukkn kentang masak air...best gak la mkn sbb tgh lapar kn...
tp yg cdeynyer aku dpt mkn 2 suap jer nasi...sbb xckup..xpe la..bekorban demi kwn2...hehehehe...kayu api pon ktorg dpt cari sblom mlm menjelma...
-menjelang mlm....
sblom mlm mnjelma aku da masak tepung yg dsediakn...wt roti belit.....best la jugak..bese l;a dlm utan...dak2 laki group aku de yg berushe cari mknn tmbahan tp gagal...tgkap ikn pon xjd gak...xpe la..da xde rezki...
ha...mlm nie adelah giliran pompuan yg jd sentri...lelaki ktorg bagi dorg tdo dlu sbb nk bg dorg berjage tgh mlm kang n bg dorg rest sbb penat cari kayu api..
-tgh mlm...
ha..time ni mse dak2 pmpuan tgh jd sentri,,fasilitator dtg taw....tkjot gak ktorg..tp wt cool jer...hehehe...kemah ktorg dorg putuskn....tp yg bestnyer ktorg dpat aym 2 ketul kecik...wlaupon xckup tp kami bersyukur...hehehe...then,,pe lg panggang la..hehehe...best...huhu..
-da suboh.....
ktorg bergerak balik...srapan pagi 2 ktorg dpt serbuk2 bskut jer..tp sbb lapar sgt ktorg mkn jer....serbuk pon serbuk la...hik2...alhmdulillah ktorg slamat smpai n berite gembirenyer adalah group aku dapat group terbaek!!!bangge gler...hehehe.....tq group 2...love u all n aku xkn lupe kn korang.....


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orienteering....

Orienteering is a family of sports that requires navigational skills using a map and compass to navigate from point to point in diverse and usually unfamiliar terrain. Participants are given a map, usually a specially prepared orienteering map, which they use to find control points. Originally a training exercise in land navigation for military officers, orienteering has developed many variations. Among these, the oldest and the most popular is foot orienteering. For the purposes of this article, foot orienteering serves as a point of departure for discussion of all other variations, but basically any sport that involves racing against a clock and requires navigation using a map is a type of orienteering. Orienteering is included in the programs of world sporting events including the World Games.

history of orienteering..
Orienteering began in Scandinavia in the nineteenth century. It was primarily a military event and was part of military training. It was not until 1919 that the modern version of orienteering was born in Sweden as a competitive sport. Ernst Killander, its creator, can be rightfully called the father of orienteering. In the early thirties, the sport received a technical boost with the invention of a new compass, more precise and faster to use. The Kjellstrom brothers, Bjorn and Alvan, and their friend, Brunnar Tillander, were responsible for this new compass. They were among the best Swedish orienteers of the thirties, with several individual championships among them. Orienteering was brought into the US in 1946 by Bjorn Kjellstrom.

Orienteering Techniques...
The orienteer should try not to use the compass to orient the map. The terrain association technique is recommended instead. The orienteer should learn the following techniques:
a.   Pacing. One of the basic skills that the orienteer should develop early is how to keep track of distance traveled while walking and running. This is done on a 100-meter pace course.
When the control point is marked on the map as well as on the ground, the description of that point is prefaced by the definite article the; for example, the pond.

control points guidelines..
When the control point is marked on the ground but is not shown on the map, then the description of the point is prefaced by the indefinite article a; for example, a trail junction. In this case, care must be taken to ensure that no similar control exists within at least 25 meters. If it does, then either the control must not be used or it must be specified by a directional note in parentheses; for example, a depression (northern).

abseiling....

last 2 week clas outdoor adalh wt abseiling...sronok wlaupon pnas terik...mule2 cm takot...tp okey la...sbb xla tggi sgt...njoy la wt xtvt nie...