~~~lela hassan~~~

ape itu survival..??
maksudnyer 'the will to live',to 'outlive','state of continuing life'. dari segi istilah mlayu plak 'ikhtiar hidop'...
so,,srvival bmksod keupayaan atau keadaan sesuatu itu untuk terus hidup..dalam konteks kegiatan luar,ikhtiar idop brmaksod usaha atau ikhtiar yg harus dilakukan oleh seseorang itu supaya dia terus hidop ketika mghadapi sesuatu ancman atau masalah yg harus diatasi melalui usha2 yg mampu dlakukan oleh seseorang..
tindakan survival
s- size up the situation
u- use all your sense
r- remember where you are
v- vanquish fear n panic
i- improvise
v- value living
a- act like native
l- live by your wits
kepentingan survival
hal ini kerana kegiatyan luar terdedah kepada pelbagai cabaran n risiko..ikhtiar hidop dpt dijadikan satu ilmu bagi mjamin kslamatan org yg terlibat dlm kegiatan ini.
prinsip2 ikhtiar hidop
1. safety
2. effort
3. self control
4. teamwork

history of kayak....
bk...
-as transportation for eskimom (inuit)
-Father of kayak (John MacGregor)
-1865-MacGregor invented kayak as " Rob Roy"
-1866-kayak finally being introduced in Olympic, Berlin
-erly 60's,many types of skill were introduced such as kayak polo, surfing and rodeo
history of kayak....

kayaks were originally developed by indigenous Arctic people, who used the boats to hunt on inland lakes, rivers and coastal waters of the Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic, Bering Sea and North Pacific oceans. These first kayaks were constructed from stitched animal seal or other skins stretched over a wooden frame (made from driftwood, since many of their habitats were treeless). Kayaks are at least 4,000 years old. The oldest existing kayaks are exhibited in the North America department of the State Museum of Ethnology in Munich.

Native people made many types of boat for different purposes. The baidarka, developed by indigenous cultures in Alaska, was also made in double or triple cockpit designs, for hunting and transporting passengers or goods. An umiak is a large open sea canoe, ranging from 17 to 30 feet (5.2 to 9.1 m), made with seal skins and wood. It was originally paddled with single-bladed paddles and typically had more than one paddler.

Native builders designed and built their boats employing their experience in combination with knowledge orally–transmitted traditions. The word "kayak" means "man's boat" or "hunter's boat", and native kayaks were a personal craft, each built by the man who used it (with assistance from his wife, who sewed the skins) closely fitting his size for maximum maneuverability. A special skin jacket, Tuilik, was then laced to the kayak, creating a waterproof seal. This enabled theeskimo roll to become the preferred method of regaining posture after turning upside down (kayakers consider "capsize" to refer to separation of paddler and vessel) especially as few Eskimos could swim; their waters are too cold for a swimmer to survive for long.

The modern version of a tuilik is a spraydeck made of waterproof synthetic material stretchy enough to fit tightly around the cockpit rim and body of the kayaker, which can be released rapidly from the cockpit to permit easy exit.

The builder used found materials to create a kayak measured to his own body. For example: the length was typically three times the span of his outstretched arms. The width at the cockpit was the width of the builder's hips plus two fists (and sometimes less). The typical depth was his fist plus the outstretched thumb (hitch hiker). Thus typical dimensions were about 17 feet (5.2 m) long by 20–22 inches (51–56 cm) wide by 7 inches (18 cm) deep. This measurement system confounded early European explorers who tried to duplicate the kayak because each kayak was a little different.

Traditional kayaks encompass three types of boat: Baidarkas, from the Alaskan & Aleutian seas, the oldest design, whose rounded shape and numerous chines give them an almost Blimp-like appearance; West Greenland kayaks, with fewer chines and a more angular shape, with gunwales rising to a point at the bow and stern; and East Greenland kayaks that appear similar to the West Greenland style, but often fit more snugly to the paddler and possess a steeper angle between gunwale and stem which lend maneuverability.

Most of the Eskimo peoples from the Aleutian Islands eastward to Greenland relied on the kayak for hunting a variety of prey — primarily seals, though whales and caribou were important in some areas. Skin on frame kayaks are still being used for hunting by Inuit people in Greenland. In other parts of the world homebuilders are continuing the tradition of skin on frame kayaks albeit with modern skins of canvas or synthetic fabric.

Contemporary kayaks trace their origins primarily to the native boats of Alaska, northern Canada, and Southwest Greenland. Wooden kayaks and fabric kayaks on wooden frames (such as the Klepper) dominated the market up until the 1950s, when fiberglass boats were first introduced. Rotomolded plastic kayaks first appeared in 1973. The development of plastickayaks arguably initiated the development of freestyle kayaking as we see it today, since plastic boats could be made smaller, stronger and more resilient than those made of other materials.